Cybersecurity Challenges in Industrial Control Systems
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Abstract
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) form the backbone of critical infrastructure sectors such as energy, manufacturing, and transportation. With increasing digitalization and integration of ICS with Information Technology (IT) networks, cybersecurity challenges have escalated, exposing these systems to sophisticated cyber threats. This article reviews the current cybersecurity challenges faced by ICS in Pakistan and globally, highlights vulnerabilities in legacy and modern systems, and discusses mitigation strategies. We analyze attack vectors, impact on operational continuity, and the regulatory landscape, proposing a comprehensive security framework tailored to industrial environments. The study also includes graphical data on attack trends and defense readiness in Pakistan’s ICS infrastructure.
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